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Gitcoin Grants Round 7 Retrospective
Gitcoin Grants Round 7 Retrospective Round 7 of Gitcoin Grants has successfully completed! This round has seen an unprecedented growth in interest and contributions, with $274,830 in contributions and $450,000 in matched funds distributed across 857 projects. дальше »
2020-10-25 03:03
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Coordination, Good and Bad
Special thanks to Karl Floersch and Jinglan Wang for feedback and review See also: On Collusion Engineering Security Through Coordination Problems Trust Models The Meaning Of Decentralization Coordination, the ability for large groups of actors to work together for their common interest, is one of the most powerful forces in the universe. дальше »
2020-9-12 03:03
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Trust Models
One of the most valuable properties of many blockchain applications is trustlessness: the ability of the application to continue operating in an expected way without needing to rely on a specific actor to behave in a specific way even when their interests might change and push them to act in some different unexpected way in the future. дальше »
2020-8-21 03:03
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A Philosophy of Blockchain Validation
See also: A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy The Meaning of Decentralization Engineering Security through Coordination Problems One of the most powerful properties of a blockchain is the fact that every single part of the blockchain's execution can be independently validated. дальше »
2020-8-19 03:03
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Gitcoin Grants Round 6 Retrospective
Round 6 of Gitcoin Grants has just finished, with $227,847 in contributions from 1,526 contributors and $175,000 in matched funds distributed across 695 projects. This time around, we had three categories: the two usual categories of "tech" and "community" (the latter renamed from "media" to reflect a desire for a broad emphasis), and the round-6-special category Crypto For Black Lives. дальше »
2020-7-23 03:03
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Exploring Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Special thanks to Karl Floersch and Dankrad Feist for review Fully homomorphic encryption has for a long time been considered one of the holy grails of cryptography. The promise of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is powerful: it is a type of encryption that allows a third party to perform computations on encrypted data, and get an encrypted result that they can hand back to whoever has the decryption key for the original data, without the third party being able to decrypt the data or the result themselves. дальше »
2020-7-23 03:03
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A Quick Garbled Circuits Primer
Special thanks to Dankrad Feist for review Garbled circuits are a quite old, and surprisingly simple, cryptographic primitive; they are quite possibly the simplest form of general-purpose "multi-party computation" (MPC) to wrap your head around. дальше »
2020-3-23 03:03
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Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 4
Round 4 of Gitcoin Grants quadratic funding has just completed, and here are the results: The main distinction between round 3 and round 4 was that while round 3 had only one category, with mostly tech projects and a few outliers such as EthHub, in round 4 there were two separate categories, one with a $125,000 matching pool for tech projects, and the other with a $75,000 matching pool for "media" projects. дальше »
2020-1-30 03:03
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Base Layers And Functionality Escape Velocity
One common strand of thinking in blockchain land goes as follows: blockchains should be maximally simple, because they are a piece of infrastructure that is difficult to change and would lead to great harms if it breaks, and more complex functionality should be built on top, in the form of layer 2 protocols: state channels, Plasma, rollup, and so forth. дальше »
2019-12-27 13:03
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Christmas Special
Since it's Christmas time now, and we're theoretically supposed to be enjoying ourselves and spending time with our families instead of waging endless holy wars on Twitter, this blog post will offer some games that you can play with your friends that will help you have fun and at the same time understand some spooky mathematical concepts! 1. дальше »
2019-12-26 04:03
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Quadratic Payments: A Primer
Special thanks to Karl Floersch and Jinglan Wang for feedback If you follow applied mechanism design or decentralized governance at all, you may have recently heard one of a few buzzwords: quadratic voting, quadratic funding and quadratic attention purchase. дальше »
2019-12-9 04:03
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Hard Problems in Cryptocurrency: Five Years Later
Special thanks to Justin Drake and Jinglan Wang for feedback In 2014, I made a post and a presentation with a list of hard problems in math, computer science and economics that I thought were important for the cryptocurrency space (as I then called it) to be able to reach maturity. дальше »
2019-11-25 04:03
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Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 3
Special thanks to the Gitcoin team and especially Frank Chen for working with me through these numbers The next round of Gitcoin Grants quadratic funding has just finished, and we the numbers for how much each project has received were just released. дальше »
2019-10-30 04:03
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In-person meatspace protocol to prove unconditional possession of a private key
Recommended pre-reading: https://ethresear. ch/t/minimal-anti-collusion-infrastructure/5413 Alice slowly walks down the old, dusty stairs of the building into the basement. She thinks wistfully of the old days, when quadratic-voting in the World Collective Market was a much simpler process of linking her public key to a twitter account and opening up metamask to start firing off votes. дальше »
2019-10-2 04:03
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Understanding PLONK
Special thanks to Justin Drake, Karl Floersch, Hsiao-wei Wang, Barry Whitehat, Dankrad Feist, Kobi Gurkan and Zac Williamson for review Very recently, Ariel Gabizon, Zac Williamson and Oana Ciobotaru announced a new general-purpose zero-knowledge proof scheme called PLONK, standing for the unwieldy quasi-backronym “Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge”. дальше »
2019-9-24 04:03
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The Dawn of Hybrid Layer 2 Protocols
Special thanks to the Plasma Group team for review and feedback Current approaches to layer 2 scaling - basically, Plasma and state channels - are increasingly moving from theory to practice, but at the same time it is becoming easier to see the inherent challenges in treating these techniques as a fully fledged scaling solution for Ethereum. дальше »
2019-9-2 04:03
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Sidechains vs Plasma vs Sharding
Special thanks to Jinglan Wang for review and feedback One question that often comes up is: how exactly is sharding different from sidechains or Plasma? All three architectures seem to involve a hub-and-spoke architecture with a central “main chain” that serves as the consensus backbone of the system, and a set of “child” chains containing actual user-level transactions. дальше »
2019-6-14 04:03
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Control as Liability
The regulatory and legal environment around internet-based services and applications has changed considerably over the last decade. When large-scale social networking platforms first became popular in the 2000s, the general attitude toward mass data collection was essentially “why not?”. дальше »
2019-5-11 04:03
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On Collusion
Special thanks to Glen Weyl, Phil Daian and Jinglan Wang for review Over the last few years there has been an increasing interest in using deliberately engineered economic incentives and mechanism design to align behavior of participants in various contexts. дальше »
2019-4-5 04:03
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A CBC Casper Tutorial
In order to help more people understand “the other Casper” (Vlad Zamfir’s CBC Casper), and specifically the instantiation that works best for blockchain protocols, I thought that I would write an explainer on it myself, from a less abstract and more “close to concrete usage” point of view. дальше »
2018-12-6 04:03
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Layer 1 Should Be Innovative in the Short Term but Less in the Long Term
One of the key tradeoffs in blockchain design is whether to build more functionality into base-layer blockchains themselves (“layer 1”), or to build it into protocols that live on top of the blockchain, and can be created and modified without changing the blockchain itself (“layer 2”). дальше »
2018-8-28 04:03
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A Guide to 99% Fault Tolerant Consensus
Special thanks to Emin Gun Sirer for review We’ve heard for a long time that it’s possible to achieve consensus with 50% fault tolerance in a synchronous network where messages broadcasted by any honest node are guaranteed to be received by all other honest nodes within some known time period (if an attacker has more than 50%, they can perform a “51% attack”, and there’s an analogue of this for any algorithm of this type). дальше »
2018-8-9 04:03
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Governance, Part 2: Plutocracy Is Still Bad
Coin holder voting, both for governance of technical features, and for more extensive use cases like deciding who runs validator nodes and who receives money from development bounty funds, is unfortunately continuing to be popular, and so it seems worthwhile for me to write another post explaining why I (and Vlad Zamfir and others) do not consider it wise for Ethereum (or really, any base-layer blockchain) to start adopting these kinds of mechanisms in a tightly coupled form in any significant way. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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A Prehistory of the Ethereum Protocol
Although the ideas behind the current Ethereum protocol have largely been stable for two years, Ethereum did not emerge all at once, in its current conception and fully formed. Before the blockchain has launched, the protocol went through a number of significant evolutions and design decisions. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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A Quick Gasprice Market Analysis
Here is a file that contains data, extracted from geth, about transaction fees in every block between 4710000 and 4730000. For each block, it contains an object of the form: { "block":4710000, "coinbase":"0x829bd824b016326a401d083b33d092293333a830", "deciles":[40,40. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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STARKs, Part I: Proofs with Polynomials
Special thanks to Eli Ben-Sasson for ongoing help, explanations and review, coming up with some of the examples used in this post, and most crucially of all inventing a lot of this stuff; thanks to Hsiao-wei Wang for reviewing Hopefully many people by now have heard of ZK-SNARKs, the general-purpose succinct zero knowledge proof technology that can be used for all sorts of usecases ranging from verifiable computation to privacy-preserving cryptocurrency. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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STARKs, Part II: Thank Goodness It's FRI-day
Special thanks to Eli Ben-Sasson for ongoing help and explanations, and Justin Drake for reviewing In the last part of this series, we talked about how you can make some pretty interesting succinct proofs of computation, such as proving that you have computed the millionth Fibonacci number, using a technique involving polynomial composition and division. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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A Note on Metcalfe's Law, Externalities and Ecosystem Splits
Looks like it’s blockchain split season again. For background of various people discussing the topic, and whether such splits are good or bad: Power laws and network effects (arguing the BTC/BCC split may destroy value due to network effect loss): https://medium. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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On Medium-of-Exchange Token Valuations
One kind of token model that has become popular among many recent token sale projects is the “network medium of exchange token”. The general pitch for this kind of token goes as follows. We, the developers, build a network, and this network allows you to do new cool stuff. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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Notes on Blockchain Governance
In which I argue that “tightly coupled” on-chain voting is overrated, the status quo of “informal governance” as practiced by Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, Zcash and similar systems is much less bad than commonly thought, that people who think that the purpose of blockchains is to completely expunge soft mushy human intuitions and feelings in favor of completely algorithmic governance (emphasis on “completely”) are absolutely crazy, and loosely coupled voting as done by Carbonvotes and similar systems is underrated, as well as describe what framework should be used when thinking about blockchain governance in the first place. дальше »
2018-7-21 23:03
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On Radical Markets
Recently I had the fortune to have received an advance copy of Eric Posner and Glen Weyl’s new book, Radical Markets, which could be best described as an interesting new way of looking at the subject that is sometimes called “political economy” - tackling the big questions of how markets and politics and society intersect. дальше »
2018-7-21 04:03
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