Hegic is an options trading protocol built on the Ethereum blockchain. Users can buy or sell call and put options using Hegic. It is entirely on-chain, permissionless, and non-custodial – as all DeFi products should be.

Options are a vital building block of financial services. They are the foremost form of market insurance and allow traders to implement robust risk management strategies.

As Ethereum’s DeFi stack grows more diverse, a comprehensive solution to create and trade options is a necessity. Hegic is attempting to cater to that necessity with options that are settled and verifiable on-chain.

When it first launched, Hegic got off to a rough start. But each mishap helped the protocol tweak certain features and make the end-product more resilient.

Using Hegic is reasonably straightforward.

To buy an option on Hegic, investors have to pay the prevailing premium for whichever option they wish to purchase. This option can be exercised at any time, as Hegic’s options specifications follow American style execution.

Selling options on Hegic is easier than selling traditional options. All investors need to do is deposit funds into the ETH or DAI pool. Capital in the ETH pool is utilized to sell calls, and the DAI pool to sell puts. 

However, the concept of separate pools to buy and sell options is being phased out for a more efficient alternative.

Hegic’s options are more expensive than competitors like Deribit or Opyn. This is because Hegic uses American options that are flexible in execution, while Deribit and others use European style options (can be exercised only at expiry).

This gives options holders the choice of exercising their contracts at any time, rather than hanging on till expiry. It also means option sellers earn a higher premium.

Opyn, ACO Finance, and Deribit are Hegic’s primary competition, albeit Deribit is a centralized alternative and not a direct competitor in DeFi.

As always, there are merits and drawbacks to each of the solutions. Hegic’s benefits lie in its flexibility and simplicity.

Trading options on ACO or Opyn is like trading on a permissionless variant of Deribit, as they all share the same pricing structure. The only difference is that Opyn and ACO do not have liquidity at every strike price. There are a few strikes close to the market price that have sufficient liquidity to take a position.

At the time of writing, Opyn only has one ETH call and three ETH puts. ACO has three ETH calls and three ETH puts. These protocols support options that expire every week and every month.

Further, ACO and Opyn have pre-set strike prices. Buyers cannot choose any strike price they desire. But this is the norm in any open options market.

Cut to Hegic. Customers can choose from five expiries: two days, seven days, 14 days, 21 days, or 28 days. 

The expiry kicks in from the minute the option is created, getting rid of the traditional month-to-month or week-to-week expiries for options.

While other options platforms have pre-set strike prices, Hegic’s dynamic pricing model enables it to create options with any strike price. Buying a $435 strike price ETH option is impossible on Deribit. But on Hegic, you can even buy an option with an obscure strike price of, say, $433.15.

This allows traders and hedgers to execute fine-tuned strategies. Customized expiries and strike prices in traditional finance are a privilege only to those with access to OTC markets and vast sums of capital.

But how is Hegic able to bring such a flexible approach to permissionless options? It all boils down to pooled option selling.

ACO Finance and Opyn’s options sellers need to choose a specific strike price and expiry to sell. But on Hegic, funds are pooled and used as liquidity to sell any type of option. 

Currently, Hegic uses an ETH pool to sell calls and a DAI pool to sell puts.

But soon, these pools will be deprecated and replaced with ETH and WBTC pools. In effect, Hegic will have ETH and BTC options on its platform. And each pool will be bidirectional. This means liquidity in the WBTC pool will be used to sell call and put options.

A transition to bidirectional liquidity pools is coming in September. It means that there will be ETH and WBTC pools. Each of them will be utilized for selling both call and put options (in the current model ETH pool is utilized for selling calls and DAI pool for selling puts).

— Hegic (@HegicOptions) August 26, 2020

While this means options sellers have less flexibility in choosing specific strikes and expiries, it also means that providing liquidity to any of the two pools is a market-neutral way of generating yield.

In short, Hegic reduces flexibility for option sellers to further enhance it for option buyers. And this increases the cost of purchasing an option for buyers, thereby offering sellers a higher profit margin.

Hegic is a fresh take on the options market. But this also means it introduces a different set of risks than traditional options.

For example, implied volatility (IV) is an output from the most popular option pricing method – the Black Scholes equation. However, Hegic’s approach to pricing options renders IV an input in pricing rather than an output.

Data aggregators like Skew collect IV data from Deribit for traders to track. Hegic uses Skew’s reference data to incorporate IV into options prices. Another point of concern is that Hegic manually changes IV when it moves 10%.

If IV is at 115%, Hegic will only change the input if IV breaches 125% or 105%. This creates an advantage for sophisticated options buyers who can use this model to profit at the expense of Hegic LPs.

A lower IV equates to cheaper options, which favors buyers. A higher IV results in more expensive options, giving sellers a higher premium. If a knowledgeable option buyer can reliably track and predict IV over a short period, they can profit by buying options just before IV increases on Hegic.

This is no simple task, but it’s still theoretically possible and comes at the expense of LPs.

Smart contract risks are another aspect that has proven to be all too real for Hegic. The protocol was deployed on Ethereum and taken off mainnet in the span of a few days after a typo in the codebase rendered options un-exercisable.

Less than a month later, Hegic was exploited through a vulnerability in the protocol’s core design.

In both cases, the team behind Hegic issued 100% reimbursements to users who suffered losses. And each re-deployment has improved some aspect of the protocol.

But that’s not to say that this cannot happen again.

On September 9, Hegic will launch its native token that works as a cash-flow and governance token. The total supply of 3.012 billion tokens is allocated to early contributors (20%), a development fund (10%), liquidity mining and usage rewards (40%), a bonding curve (25%), and a Balancer pool (5%).

HEGIC will launch at $0.0027 per token. However, this low price is not expected to persist beyond a short period.

The idea behind liquidity mining is to incentivize capital to pile into Hegic. As more funds accrue to Hegic, buyers will be able to execute fairly large trade sizes.

But there is an incentive for buyers to use Hegic beyond its liquidity, as the rewards are split between both sets of Hegic users. Of the 1.204 billion tokens allocated for mining, 80% will be given to liquidity providers (option sellers) and 20% to liquidity utilizers (option buyers).

Hegic’s liquidity mining rewards will be implemented on the new ETH and WBTC pools, as discussed above. Tokens distributed to users and LPs are split equally between the WBTC and ETH pools.

The first phase of liquidity mining entails a daily token emission of 1.32 million HEGIC to liquidity providers and 330,000 HEGIC to liquidity users. The second phase of rewards is slightly lower, with a daily distribution of 990,000 and 250,000 HEGIC to LPs and option buyers, respectively.

Hegic’s IDO was expected to take place on Mesa, but this has changed as community members advised against this platform. 

🧙 Highly respected Hegicians, there will be ❌NO IDO on Mesa❌ as too many community members have signaled against it in Hegic groups.

🐲 BIG ANNOUNCEMENT TODAY 🐲
AT 3 PM (UTC TIME) IN ~6 HOURS.$HEGIC IBCO 🧙‍♂️
Don't tell anyone.
And don't leak ἄλφα.
Because few undersand it. pic.twitter.com/ERMCdTjq6H

— Hegic (@HegicOptions) September 1, 2020

Four hours after the IDO, a Balancer pool will also be established with 5% of supply to create open market liquidity for the token. 

The protocol charges a 1% settlement fee on all options. This fee is directed to HEGIC stakers as a form of passive income. Token investors are thus financially aligned with the protocol’s growth.

A minimum of 888,000 HEGIC is required to stake on the network. Every 888,000 tokens are considered one lot. A maximum of 3,000 lots (2.664 billion tokens) is allowed to exist at any given time.

Each lot is tokenized in the form of an ERC-20 token. In the future, if Aave or Compound accepts this tokenized staking lot as a form of collateral, HEGIC stakers can simultaneously earn fees from the protocol and use their stake as collateral to borrow capital.

In the future, the token will be used to conduct governance as well.

Like yEarn Finance, Hegic is the effort of a sole developer, who goes by the pseudonym of Molly Wintermute. There is no information on their background.

Wintermute announced the project on the EthResearch forum in February 2020 and deployed the protocol to mainnet in April 2020.

The project’s Discord and Telegram channels are also managed by Wintermute, further evidencing this is a single-person operation.

Options are a playground for complex yet rewarding trading strategies. 

For DeFi to prosper and cater to serious investors, on-chain derivatives need to capture more attention and usage. This is all set to happen with multiple protocols for futures, options, and even credit default swaps launching on Ethereum this year.

Although Hegic has a lot of competition, it offers unique features that other DeFi options products don’t. Opyn is like a permissionless Deribit, whose only advantage is no KYC.

If KYC is a non-issue for a particular trader, the rational choice is to trade on Deribit rather than Opyn since the pricing structure is exactly the same. It’s cheaper to execute trades on Deribit, and the exchange is far more liquid too.

But Hegic’s approach turns option selling into a passive yield generating investment and offers significantly more nuance to option buyers than most crypto options platforms.

Options are gathering pace in the crypto market, as shown by their tremendous growth in 2020. With DeFi gaining steam, it wouldn’t be surprising in the least to see a substantial share of options volume migrate to permissionless protocols.

Disclosure: One or more members of the Crypto Briefing Management team are investors in Hegic.

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